Newmark’s Translation Procedures

1.      Transference

Transference is a procedures of translation in which the word in SL is

transferred into TL and that process is recognized as translation procedure.

The word then becomes “loan word”.

Some of the words that are usually transferred are:

a.The names of all living (except the Pope and one or two royals), and most dead people

b.The names of geographical and topographical things including the newly independent countries such as Zaire, Malawi, unless they already have recognized translation.

c.The names of periodicals and newspaper.

d.The titles of distranslated literally works, plays, and films.

e.Names of private companies and institutions.

f.The names of public or nationalized institutions.

g.The names of streets names, addresses, etc.

(Newmark, 1988: 81)

2.    Naturalization

Naturalization is the procedure of translation that adapts the SL word first into the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL(Newmark, 1988:82).

For example:

English into Indonesia

Singapore        -           Singapura

Prague                        -           Praha

Computer        -           komputer

Indonesia into English

Kampung        -           kampong

Keris                -           kris

3.      Cultural Equivalence

Cultural Equivalence is a translation procedure in which cultural word in

SL is translated into cultural word in TL.But the uses of this procedure are limited because of its inaccuracy. This procedure can be used to translate general text, publicity, and propaganda, and also for brief explanation to the readers who ignore the relevant of SL culture. Cultural equivalent is important in translating drama because it can makeimmediate effect(Newmark, 1988: 83).

For example:

Balinese into English

Ngaben            -           cremation

4.    Functional Equivalent

Functional Equivalent is a procedure of translation that is usually used to translate cultural words.It requires the use of a culture-free word,sometimes with a new specific term.This procedure, which is a cultural componential analysis, is the most accurateway of translating. This kind of procedures is also used when a SL technical word has no TL equivalent(Newmark, 1988:83).

For example:

From Balinese into English:

Pecalang         -           traditional security guard

Genjek             -           a traditional singing circle originally from Karangasem

5. Descriptive equivalent

 in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

For example    :

·         J-dag could be translated into the first day that Christmas brews are released in Denmark

·         Samurai translated into the sword of Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to the nineteenth century

·         make a living  translated intoi usaha mencari mata pencaharian.

6. Componential analysis

Componential analysis means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

For example    :

·         componential analysis of “Canape” and “Fauteuil”

·         canape translated into furniture for sitting on, with back and can be sat on not only by one person

·         fauteuil translated into furniture for sitting on, with back and can be sat on not by one person only.

7. Synonymy

Synonymy is the translation procedure which is used to translate the word from SL which has no clear one-to-one equivalent in TL, and the word is not important in the text, especially for adjectives or adverbs of quality.This procedure can be used when literal translation is impossible and when the word is not too important for componential analysis. In this

case the economy is more important than the accuracy(Newmark, 1988:84).

For example:

From English into Indonesian

High price       -           harga mahal

Short pant       -           celana pendek

8. Through Translation

Through translation which is also known as calque or loan translation is a literal translation of common collocations, names of organization, the components of compound and perhaps phrases(Newmark, 1988:84).

For example:

UN      -           PBB

IMF     -           Dana Moneter Internasional

9.Shifts or Transposition

A shift (Catford’s term) or transposition (Vinay and Darlbenet) is a translation procedure that changes the grammar from SL into TL.

One type of shifts is required in the change from singular to plural. The second one, it is required when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. And the third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL(Newmark, 1988: 85).

For example:

From English into Indonesian

A pair of shoes            –         Sepasang sepatu

10.  Modulation

Modulation is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the TL. There are two types of modulation, i.e. Free or Optional Modulation and Fixed or Obligatory Modulation. For instance, “He was killed in the war” in English is translated as Dia gugur dalam perang in Bahasa Indonesia. ‘Negated contrary’, which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in translation from negative to positive or vice versa, is also considered as fixed modulation. For example, “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.

11.  Recognized translation

Recognized translation occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

For example    :

·         Rechtsstaat translated as constitutional state                   

·         udenrigsminister translated as secretary of foreign affairs

12.  Compensation

Compensation it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

For example          :

·         vengeance is mine! Translated into saatnya balas dendam!

·         what kind of sap do you take me for? Translated into kalian anggap aku bebek bodoh macam apa?

13.     Paraphrase

In this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

For example    :          

The belief that investment in personal development will generate quantifiable returns is so persistent that donors are not deterred even by a lack of reliable (or credible) figures on how the names on enrolment forms tally with ‘bums on seat’ and with newly employed or self-employed people.

Keyakinan bahwa investasi dalam pengembangan diri akan mendatangkan hasil yang dapat dihitung sedemikian kuatnya sehingga donatur bahkan tidak tergoyahkan oleh tidak adanya bukti yang dapat dipercaya mengenai kecocokan antara nama yang tercantum dalam formulir pendaftaran dengan jumlah orang yang akhirnya duduk dalam kelas itu, dan dengan jumlah pegawai ataupun wiraswasta baru.

14.   Couplets

It occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          :

·         rumah balon translated into great house (where the king and the family live)

·         deskilling translated into peniadaan keterampilan

15.     Notes

Notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

             For example   :

·         debrecen => the city of Debrecen, in West Hungary

·         the approach³ => ³following Anthony’s (1963) use of the term approach to mean a set of assumptions dealing with the nature of language, learning, and teaching.