·         Etnographic Translation

Etnographic Translation is a translation which explains the cultural context between the source language and the target language.

Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America.

Actually the word “yes” and “yeah” is the same. However in this case, yes is common used in formal conversation, but yeah tend to be used in informal conversation.

·         Aesthetic-poetic Translation

This refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original agnate version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message. The examples of this type are the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel.

Source text of Nursery Rhyme: Sleep, Baby Sleep

Sleep, Baby, Sleep

Sleep, baby, sleep,
Thy papa guards the sheep;
Thy mama shakes the dreamland tree
And from it fall sweet dreams for thee,
Sleep, baby, sleep,

Target text of Nursery Rhyme: Sleep, Baby Sleep

Tidur, Anakku, Tidur

Tidur, anakku, tidur,
Papamu menggembala domba;
Mamamu menggoyang pohon mimpi
Dan akan memberimu mimpi indah,
Tidur, anakku, tidur,

·         Linguistic Translation

This is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the source language and grammatical form.

For example:

A: “Kamu mau gaji segitu?”

B: “Apa boleh buat, daripada nganggur”

In the target language, the conversation will be:

A: “Do you accept such amount of the salary”

B: ”I have no choice, instead of being unemployed”.

The word “mau” in here is translated into “accept” because it does not have meaning of wanting. Then, we must still pay attention to gramatical aspect of target language, for example after the word “of” it must be followed by noun or gerund, e.g. “instead of being unemployed”.